Why Does PCOS Cause Insulin Resistance? A Simple Guide
Polycystic Ovary Syndrome (PCOS) affects millions of women worldwide. Beyond irregular periods and ovarian cysts, PCOS also impacts how your body uses insulin—the hormone that helps turn sugar from food into energy. Understanding insulin resistance in PCOS can help you manage symptoms better and improve your health.
What is Insulin Resistance?
Insulin is like a key that opens the door for sugar to enter your body’s cells (especially muscle and fat cells).
In insulin resistance, the “locks” on these cells don’t open properly when insulin tries to do its job.
As a result, sugar stays in the bloodstream instead of being absorbed for energy.
To compensate, your pancreas produces more insulin, causing high insulin levels in the blood.
How Does PCOS Cause Insulin Resistance?
In PCOS, the insulin “lock” (called the insulin receptor) is chemically altered, mainly through a process called serine phosphorylation. This makes it harder for insulin to work efficiently.
This problem mainly affects sugar metabolism—cells don’t take in glucose properly—but doesn’t impact all other functions of insulin equally.
High insulin levels caused by this resistance send signals to the ovaries to produce more male hormones (androgens), worsening PCOS symptoms like excess hair growth and irregular periods.
The excess androgens then further worsen insulin resistance, creating a vicious cycle.
Other Things That Make Insulin Resistance Worse in PCOS
Being overweight or obese can increase insulin resistance.
Chronic inflammation and fatty tissue changes also play a role.
Genetics and family history influence how strongly insulin resistance affects you.
It’s important to know that even women who aren’t overweight can have insulin resistance due to PCOS.
Why Is This Important?
Insulin resistance raises the risk of developing type 2 diabetes, heart disease, and other metabolic problems. Managing insulin resistance can significantly improve PCOS symptoms and overall health.
Frequently Asked Questions (FAQs)
Q: Can insulin resistance in PCOS be treated?
A: Yes! Lifestyle changes like a healthy diet, regular exercise, and sometimes medications like metformin help improve insulin sensitivity.
Q: Does losing weight help with insulin resistance in PCOS?
A: Absolutely. Even a modest weight loss can improve how your body responds to insulin and reduce PCOS symptoms.
Q: Can insulin resistance cause infertility in PCOS?
A: It can contribute to hormonal imbalances that affect ovulation, leading to infertility. Improving insulin resistance often improves fertility.
Q: Is insulin resistance the cause of PCOS?
A: Insulin resistance is a major factor but PCOS is complex and involves multiple hormonal and genetic causes.
Q: What if metformin and lifestyle modifications fail?
A: Metabolic Surgery is a breakthrough surgical procedure that gives the desired result.
Summary
PCOS causes insulin resistance because changes in the insulin receptor inside your cells make it harder for insulin to do its job. This leads to higher insulin levels, which in turn make your ovaries produce extra male hormones, worsening PCOS symptoms and insulin resistance itself.
References
Dunaif A. "Insulin resistance and the polycystic ovary syndrome," Endocrine Reviews, 1997
Journal of Ovarian Research, "Insulin resistance in polycystic ovary syndrome across various tissues," 2023
Clue app article: "The link between PCOS and insulin resistance," 2020
PMC article, "Insulin Resistance in Polycystic Ovarian Syndrome," 2022
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