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  What is PCOD? Definition & Diagnosis Polycystic Ovarian Disease (PCOD), often interchangeably called PCOS (Polycystic Ovary Syndrome), is a hormonal disorder commonly affecting women of reproductive age. It disrupts ovulation, leads to irregular menstrual cycles, and causes the ovaries to develop multiple small cysts. Key Diagnostic Criteria (Rotterdam Criteria): To be diagnosed, two out of the following three must be present: Irregular or absent menstrual periods (Oligo/anovulation) Signs of excess androgens (e.g., acne, facial hair) Polycystic ovaries are seen on ultrasound Additional tests often include: Blood tests for hormone levels (LH, FSH, insulin, testosterone) Pelvic ultrasound Screening for thyroid or prolactin abnormalities How Many Are Affected? Global & Country-wise Prevalence 🌍 Global Insights Global prevalence: ~9.2% of women aged 15–49 Varies by diagnostic criteria: NIH: 5.5% Rotterdam: 11.5% AES: 7.1% 🌏 Country Highlights Highest prevalence: Italy: ~39...